Sexy liquid crystal (LC): Apllication in LCD

Liquid crystals find wide use in liquid crystal displays, which rely on the optical properties of certain crystalline substances in the presence or absence of an electric field. In a typical device, a liquid crystal layer (typically 10 micro meters thick) sits between two polarizers that are crossed. The liquid crystal alignment is chosen so that it relaxed phase is a twisted one. This twisted phase reorients light that has passed through the first polarizer, allowing it to be transmitted through the second polarizer (and reflected back to the observer if a reflector is provided). The device thus appears transparent. When an alectric field is applied to the liquid crystal layer, the long molecular axes tend to align parallel to the electric field thus gradually untwisting in the center of the liquid crystal layer. In this state, the mesogens do not reorient light, so the light polarized at the first polarizer is absorbed at the second polarizer, and the device loses transparency with increasing voltage. In this way, the electric field can be used to make a pixel switch between transparent or opaque on command. Color LCD systems use the same technique, with color filters used to generate red, green, and blue pixels. Similar principles can be used to make other liquid crystal based optical devices.

Sexy liquid crystal

Liquid crystals are substances that exhibit a phase of matter that has properties between those of a conventional liquid, and those of a solid crystall. For instance, a liquid crystal (LC) may flow like a liquid, but have the molecules in the liquid arranged and oriented in a crystal-like way. There are many different types of LC phases, which can be distinguished based on their optical properties. When viewed under a microscope using a polarized light source, different liquid crystal phase will appear to have a distinct texture. The contrasting ares in the texture each correspond to a domain where the LC molecules are oriented in a different direction. Within a domain, however, the molecules are well ordered. LC materials may not always be in an LC phase (just as water is not always in the liquid phase; it may also be found in solid and gaseous phase)

Liquid crystal phases

a) Thermotropic liquid crystals

Thermotrophic phases are those that occur in a certain temperatur range. If the temperature is raised too high, termal motion will destroy the delicate cooperative ordering of the LC phase, pushing the material into a conventional isotropic liquid phase. At too low temperature, most LC materials will form a conventional (though anisotropic) crystall. Many thermotropic LCs exhibit a variety of phases as temperature is changed. For instance, a particular mesogen may exhibit various smectic and nematic (and finally anisotropic) phases as temperature is increased. An example of a compound displaying thermotropic LC behaviour is para-azoxyanisole.

- Nematic phase

One of the most common LC phases is the nematic, where the molecules have no positional order, but they have long-range orientational order. Thus the molecules flow and their center of mass positions are randomly distributed as in a liquid, but they all point in the same direction (within each domain). Most nematics are unaxial; they have one axis that is longer and preferred, with the the other two being equivalent (can be approximated as cylinders). The word nematic comes from the Greek, which mean 'thread'. Nematics have fluidity similar to that of ordinary (isotropic) liquids but they can easily aligned by an external magnetic or electric field. An aligned nematic has the optical properties of a uniaxial crystal and this makes them extremly useful in liquid crystal displays (LCD).

- Smectic phase

The smectic phases, which are found at lower temperatures than the nematic, form well-defined layers that can slide over one another like soap. The smectics are thus positionally ordered along one direction.

- Chiral phases

The chiral nematic phase exhibits chirality (handedness). This phase is often called the cholesteric phase because it was first observed for cholesterol derivatives. Only chiral molecules can give rise to such a phase. This phase exhibits a twisting of the molecules perpendicular to the director, with the molecular axis parallel to the director. The finite twist angle between adjacent molecules is due to their asymmetric packing, which results in longer-range chiral order.

- Blue phases

Blue phases are special types of liquid crystal phases that appear in the temperature range between a chiral nematic phase and an isotropic liquid phase. Blue phases have a regular three dimensional cubic structure of defects with lattice periods of several hundred nanometers, and thus they exhibit selective Bragg reflections in the wavelength range of light corresponding to the cubic lattice.

- Discotic phases

Disk shaped mesogens can orient themselves in a layer-like fashion known as the discotic nematic phase. If the disk pack into stacks, the phase is called a discotic columnar. The columns themselves may be organized into rectangular or hexagonal arrays. Chiral discotic phases, similar to the chiral nematic phase, are also known.

b) Lyotropic liquid crystals

A lyotropic liquid crystal consists of two or more components that exhibit liquid-crystalline properties in certain concentration ranges. In the lyotropic phases, solvent molecules fill the space around the compounds to provide fluidity to the system. In contrast to thermotropic liquid crystals, these lyotropic have another degree of freedom of concentration that enables them to induce a variety of different phases.

c) Metallotropic liquid crystals

Liquid crystal phases can also be based on low-melting inorganic phases like Zink chloride that have a structure formed of linked tetrahedra an easily form glasses. The addition of long chain soaplike molecules lead to a series of new phases that show a variety of liquid crystalline behaviour both as a function of the inorganic-organic composition ratio and of temperature. This class of materials has been named metallotropic.

Thermoplastic elastomers

There are four types of elastomers:
- Olefinics, Styrenics, Polyurethanes, and polyesters

a) Olefinics (TPOs are used for bumper covers on cars)

Produced by blending copolymers of ethylene and propylene (EPR) or ter polymer of ethylene-propylene diene (EPDM) with PP in ratios that determine the stiffness of the elastomer

A 80/20 EPDM/PP ratio gives a soft elastomer (TPO)

b) Styrenic thermoplastic elastomers (STPE)

- Long triblock copolymer molecules with an elastomeric central block (butadiene, isoprene, ethylene-butene, etc.) and end block (styrene, etc.) which form hard segments.

- Other elastomers have varying amounts of soft and hard blocks

c) Polyurethanes

- Have a hard block segment and soft block segment

Soft blocks corresponds to polyol involved in polymerization in ether based

Hard blocks involve the isocyanates and chain extenders

d) Polyesters are etheresters or copolyester thermoplastic elastomer

Soft blocks contain ether groups are amourpous and flexible

Hard blocks can consist of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)

Synthetic rubber

Reactive system elastomers

- Low molecular weight monomers are reacted in a polymerization step with very little cross-linking.

- Reaction is triggered by heat, catalyst, and mixing

Urethanes processed with Reaction Injection Molding (RIM)

Silicones processed with injection molding or extrusion

Thermoplastic elastomers

- Processing involves melting of polymers, not thermoset reaction

- Processed by injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, film blowing, or rotational molding

Injection molded soles for footwear

- Advantages of thermoplastic elastomers

Less expensive due to fast cycle times

More complex designs are possible

Wider range of properties due to copolymerization

- Disadvantage of thermoplastic elastomers

Higher creep

Vulcanizable elastomeric compounds

Rubber are compounded into practical elastomers

The rubber (elastomer) is the major component and other components are given as weight pre hundred weight rubber (phr)

- Sulfur is added in less than 10 phr

- Accelerators and activators with the sulfur:- Hexamethylene tetraamine (HTMA)

- Zinc oxide as activators

- Protective agents are used to supress the effects of oxgen and ozone.

Phenyl betabaphthylamine and alkyl paraphenylene diamine (APPD)

- Reinforcing filler:- Carbon black

- Silica when light colors are required

- Calcium carbonate, clay, kaolin

- Processing aids which reduce stiffness and cost

- Plasticizers, lubricants, mineral oils, paraffin waxes

Rubber additives and modifiers

Fillers can comprise half of the volume of the rubber
- Silica and carbon black.
- Reduce cost of material.
- Increase tensile strengh and modulus.
- Improve abrasion resistance.
- Improve tear esistance.
- Improve resistance to light and weathering.
- Example,

Tires produced from latex contains 30% carbon black which improves the body and abrasion resistance in tires.

Additives

- Antioxidant, antiozonants, oil extender to reduce cost and soften rubber, fillers, reinforcement

Best of Oleic acid: Lower blood levels of cholesterol

Oleic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid/9- octadecenoic acid found in various animal and vegetable sources, i.e. olive oil 55-80%, grape seed oil 15-20%, sea buckthorn oil.

It is used in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent.

The saturated form of this acid is stearic acid. Oleic acid is used in Lorenzo's oil.

High concentration of oleic acid can lower blood levels of cholesterol. Oleic acid maybe responsible for the hypotensive (blood pressure reducing) effects of olive oil.

Oleic acid may also hinder the progression of ALD (Adrenoleukodystrophy), a fatal disease that affects the brain and adrenal gland.

Since they cannot be made in the body from substrates and must be supplied in the food, they are called essential fatty acid. In the body, essential fatty acids are primarily used to produce hormone like substances that regulate a wide range of functions, including blood pressure, blood clotting, blood lipids levels, the immune response, and the inflammation response to injury infection.

Best of Stearic acid: Applications of stearic acid

Stearic acid is prepared by treating animal fat with water at high pressure and temperature, leading to the hydrolysis of triglycerides. It can also obtained from hydrogenation of some unsaturated vegetable oils.

Apllications of stearic acid:

- Usefull as an ingredient in making candles, soaps, plastics, dietary supplement, oil pastels, cosmetics, and for softening rubber.

- Used to help bind and thicken lotions and creams in cosmetics and personal care products.

- Used to harden soaps, particulary those made with vegetable oil.

- Ester of stearic acid with ethylene glycol, glycerol stearate and glycerol distearate are used to produce a pearly effect in shampoos, soaps, and other cosmetics products. They are added to the product in molten form and allowed to crystalize under controlled conditions.

- Used in firework to coat metal powders such as aluminium and iron. This prevent oxidation allowing compositions to be store for longer.

- Used as a parting compound when making plaster castings from a plaster piece mold or waste mold and when making the mold from shellacked clay original. In this use, powdered stearic acid is dissolved in water and the solution is brushed onto the surface to be parted after casting.

Best of Gycerine/glycerol: Applications in daily life

Glycerine/glycerol is a colorless, odorless, syrupy, sweet liquid, usually obtained by saponification of natural fats and oils. It is also a 10% by-product of biodiesel production via the trasesterification of vegetable oils.

Their applications in daily life:

a) Medicine and pharmaceutical technology

- Used in medical and pharmaceutical preparations, mainly as a means of improving smoothness, providing lubrication and as a humectant. Also may be used to lower intracranial and intraocular pressures.

- As a prochiral building block in organic synthesis

- Used as a laxative when introduced into the rectum in suppository or liquid (enema) form; irritates the bowel and induces a hyperosmotic effect.

- Cough syrups, elixier and expectorants

- Used as substitute for alcohol, as a solvent that will create a therapeutic herbal extraction.

b) Personal care

- As an emollient, humectant, solvent, and lubricant in personal care products.

- Tootpaste, mouthwashes, skin care products, shaving cream, hair care products and Glycerol soap, which is made from glycerol, denatured alcohol, sodium castorate, sodium cocoate, sodium tallowate, sucrosa, water and perfume (fragnance). Sometimes one adds sodium laureth sulfate. This kind of soap is used by people with sensitive, easily irritated skin because it prevents skin dryness with it moisturising properties.

c) Food and beverages

- Serve as humectant, solvent and sweetener, may help preserve foods.

- Solvent for flavor such as vanilla and food coloring

- Humectant and softening agent in candy, cakes and using for meat and cheeses.

- Manufacture of mono- and di- glycerides for use as emulsifiers.

- Used as filler in low fat food products (i.e. cookies)

- used as thickening agent in liqueurs.

Best of Oleochemicals products: Use in cosmetics

Oleochemicals products for cosmetics composition

- Caprylic Triglyceride
An emollient with quick skin penetration, great as dispersing agent and useful as a solvent for vitamins and actives, keep skin smooth and lustrous
- Cetyl Alcohol/1-hexadecanol
It is used in the cosmetic industry as a surfactant in shampoos, or as an emollient, emulsifier or thickening agent in the manufacture of skin creams and lotions, to increase foaming capacity or to stabilize foams.

- Dodecyl Alcohol/1-dodecanol

It is used as surfactants, lubricating oil, emollient
- Glycerine
A humectant that absorbs moisture from the air to keep hair and skin moist. It is also used as an emollient (used for making skin soft or less painfull), lubricant, emulsifier (to form a smooth mixture), and diluting agent in cosmetics, cosmetic bonding agent for make up, including: eye shadow, lipstick, lipglos, and lotions.
- Glyceryl Stearate: An emollient and emulsifier
- Glyceryl Monostearate
A wax like solid emollient and emulsifier derived from natural stearic acid and glycerine; also pearlescent (emiting or reflecting light readily or in large amount, rainbow like colors) agent.

- Isocetyl Stearate

- Myristyl Alcohol

- Stearyl Alcohol

Pigment, Dyestuffs and types of dyes

Pigment is a material that changes the colour of the light it reflects as the result of selective colour absorption. Pigment generally is insoluble, and has no affinity for the substrate.

Dyestuffs can be described as a coloured substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied.

Types of dyes:

1. Acid dyes are water soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibers such as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibers using neutral to acid dyebaths.

2. Basic dyes are water soluble cationic dyes that are mainly applied to acrylic fibers.Usually acetic acid is added to the dyebath to help the uptake of the dye onto the fiber. Basic dyes are also used in the coloration of paper.

3. Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in neutral or slightly alkaline dyebath, at or near boiling point, with the addition of either Sodium Chloride or Sodium Sulfate. Direct dyes are used on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon.

4. Mordant dyes require a mordant, which improve the fastness of the dye against water, light and perspiration. The most important mordant dyes are the synthetic mordant dyes, or chrome dyes, used for wool.

5. Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water and incapable of dyeing fibers directly. However, reduction in alkaline liquour produces the water soluble alkali metal salt of the dye, which in this leuco form, has an affinity for the textile fiber. Subsequent oxidation reforms the original insoluble dye. The color of denim is due to indigo, the original vat dye.

6. Reactive dyes utilize a chromophore attached to a substituent that is capable of directly reacting with the fibre substrate. The covalent bond that attach reactive dye to natural fibers make them among the most permanent of dyes. "Cold" reactive dyes, such as Procion MX, Cibaron F, and Drimarene K, are very easy to use because the dye can be applied at room temperature. Reactive dyes are far the best choice for dyeing cotton and other cellulose fibers.

7. Disperse dyes were originally develop for the dyeing cellulose acetate, and are substantially water insoluble. The main use is to dye polyester.

8. Azo dyeing is a tecnique in which an insoluble azoic dye is produced directly onto or within the fibre.

9. Sulfur dyes are two part 'developed' dyes used to dye cotton with dark colors. The initial bath imparts a yellow or pale chartreuse color.

Aspirin, ein Phenylalkanoat mit physiologisher Wirkung

Aspirin wirkt als Analgetikum (Schmerzmittel), Antipyretikum (fiebersenkendes Mittel) und Antirheumatikum (insbesondere bei Arthritis). Man nimmt an, dass es in die Synthese der Prostaglandine eingreift und dadurch fiebersenkend, schmerzlindernd und entzuendungshemmend wirkt. Obwohl es ein beliebtes Arzneimittel ist, hat es einige unerwuenschte Nebenwirkungen. Es kann zu Magenverstimmung und sogar Magenblutungen fuehren. Kuerzlich ist auch der Verdacht aufgekommen, dass es einige Krankheiten - vor allem das Reysche Syndrom, ein Hirnerkrankung, bei Kindern ausloest. Dies is sicher einer der Gruende dafur, dass in den letzten Jahren der Verkauf anderer Analgetika, wie Paracetamol ( ein anderes Phenolderivat, das durch Ethanocylierung von p-Aminophenol hergestellt wird) standig angestiegen ist.

Acquire dyestuffs:Recipe of Methylorange

0.1 mol Sulfanilacid in 150 ml Ethanol and 0.15 mol Natriumacetate in 120 ml Ethanol in Hydrocloride medium had mixed under stirring bei 0 Celcius and then added slowly in 0.1 mol N,N-Dimethylanilin. The mixture would had crystallized after a few hour. The crystallized product would had washed first with water and then added some Natriumchloride solution and then let it crystallized again.

Recipe of Acetylsalicylacid/Aspirin/Acesal/Micristin

Acetysalicylacid/Aspirin/Acesal/Micristin Synthesis:

1 mol Phenole would had mixed well together with 2.5 mol hot melting Kaliumcarbonate in a reactor. The mixture would heated up to 130 Celcius about 6 hour under 40 bar Carbondioxide gas pressure. After cooling down and pressure free condition the whole mixture would had washed with concentrate Hydrochloric acids. Then the liquid mixtur would had cooled down under 0 Celcius and let it crystallized by added some water and carbon active.

Polyester resins for conventional tin printing

Conventional tin printing inks are currently based almost exclusively on alkyd technology. Unfortunately alkyds are prone to yellowing during high temperature stovings, such as those used to cure an internal lacquer on food containers, due to reactions involving residual unsaturation in the cured ink.

Polyesters are basically oil free alkyds and as such have no unsaturation to cause yellowing during subsequent stovings. Unfortunately it is the oil portion of alkyds which is primarily responsible both for cure and lithographic properties requering water repellance.

A typical formulation for UV inks tin printing:

1. Pigment

2. Inert resin

3. Epoxy acrylate

4. Urethane acrylate

5. Glycerylpropoxytriacrylate as reducer

6. PE wax

7. Talc as anti fly

8. 2.2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone as photo-initiator

9. Isopropylthioxanthone as photo-initiator

10. Aminobenzoate synergist

Best of printing processes:Lithography, Flexography, Gravure, Letterpress, Screenprinting, Ink-jet printing, Toner printing sysyems

The main printing processes are:

1. Lithography, which use a flat printing plate. The imagine area is ink-receptive, while non printing ares are wetted by watter and repel ink.
2. Flexography, which is a relief printing process.
It is a rotary process using rubber or photopolymer plates and inking system suited to low viscosity water and solvent based inks. The image area is raised above the non printing ares, and is inked from an "anilox" area.
3. Gravure, where the image is sunk into the plate surface.
The entire plate surface is flooded with ink and the excess removed with a doctor blade. Ink filled cells remain and transfer the ink to the substrate.
4. Letterpress, which is a relief printing process.
The image area is raised above the non printing areas, is inked by rollers and pressed into contact with the substrate.
5. Screen printing, which employs a stencil principle.
A rubber squeegee is used to push ink through the stencil on to the substrate.
6. Ink-jet printing, in which a computer controlled stream of ink drops is projected a high speed onto the substrate.

7. Toner printing systems such as electrophotographic printing, in which light is used selectively to discharge an electrostatic field, thus forming an electrostatic latent image. The image is "develop" using toner appropriate electrical charge, which is then transferred to the substrate and fused by heat or other means.

Oleochemicals:Stearic-,Palmitic-,Myristic-,Lauric-Acid

Oleochemicals

Stearic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid, lauric acid and glycerine are all derivate byproducts from cooking oil processes. After through further processes such as fractionation, hydrogenation, splitting, acids destillation, granulation, and concentration increasing from sweat water, we got those above products. After hydrogenation and splitting processes we got free fattig acids and sweat water. Free fattig acids would had undergo further processes: filtration and vacuum destillation process to seperate light fraction from heavy fraction. From light fraction we got hexanoic acid, octanoic acid and decanoic acid, and from heavy fraction we got lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid. Sweat water would go further distillation processes to increase glycerine concentration. All those derivated products are highly economic value added products for cosmetics-, resins-, pharmaceuticals-, soaps-,foods-industries and other daily products. We can also produced biodiesel as renewable energy for diesel engine machines to replace diesel oil from those byproducts.

Other products from those derivate such as soaps, margarine, Glycerinemonostearate, palm waxes, etc.

Olein/Cooking oil

Cooking oil processes from palm oil are :
1. Degumming to eliminiert gums and other impurities by using phosphoric acid
2. Bleaching to get colour we want by using bleaching earth and carbon active in proportion ammount.
3. Deodorising to eliminiert stinky odor by using superheated steam (dry steam)
4. Refinering to get refined bleached deodorize palm oil (RBDPO)
5. Fractination to seperate solid fraction from iquid fraction. Solid fraction wird go to further processess (crystallization process and splitting process)

6. Liquid fraction (refined bleached deodorize oil/RBDO) would refined to decreased free fattig acid as low as allowed for cooking oil and finally we got olein/cooking oil.

Best of motivation: Spirit of a spider

In a corner of an old house lived a spider which diligently worked and build up his web from day to day. One day, a heavy rain poured with a strong wind washing down this old house. The leaks were everywhere, and they just wiped off the web. The whole walls were washed and became so slippery. The spider with such an effort tried his best to climb up. As you could imagine he kept on slipping down. Nevertheless, he did'nt stop trying, eventhough he kept on falling down. Again and again these activities were repeated. The spider never stopped climbing with such a remarkable persistence. This old house was occupied by three siblings, all still very young at age. When this incident took place, the three of them were watching the whole process. The eldest, sighing, commented:"My life is just so alike. Eventhough I have tried so hard and still keep on trying, I still get nowhere. What a waste! I quess this is just my destiny. Even though I have tried my best, it's useless. It just won't change!" The second son with such a relax attitude said,"What a dumb spider! Why won't he just find a dry spot, just turn around and then try to climb up? I will not be that dumb. Someday when I am faced with problems, I will just find a short cut. I am gonna use my brain to find a way to avoid problems. No need to work so hard to face them. Totally with different views after looking at the toughness of the spider, the youngest son spoke of his thoughts:"That spider is so small, and yet he has such a remarkable undefeated spirit! In all sense of bravery and persistence, I have to learn to have such a fighting spirit from him. By having such spirit, one day I definitely will reach my success!"

The story of a spider is very inspiring. Different views on seeing problems will borne different handling attitudes. And with a different attitude there will absolutely be different results. The eldest perspective's shows someone without motivation, without certain goal in life, easily giving up, and just blindly blaming it as a fate. This is the perspective that blocks one's step to reach one's. If we have this kind view it is absolutely sure that success is out of our reach. On contrary, the second son's perspective show sign of an opportunistic and pragmatic personality. In facing all problems, the choices that he makes will be to run away from the problems. And even if he needs to face them at one point, he will use all the ways, shortcuts, whatever can be as long as the target reached. He will not try to find the solutions with smart and witty thinking, but more to 'unwholesome' way out:cheating and disposing other's rights. If we apply those unwholesome attitudes every time we will be faced with obstacles, and as the consequence, our mentality will be very fragile, lame, and most probably will turn into 'cold blood'. The youngest son's mindset is persistence, which is the underlying fighting spirit that we all must have in order to achieve success. Every problem is a stepping stone that has to be solved and faced with all bravery. We have to get used to seeing all occuring problems as something natural and must be faced upon, not to avoid nor running away from. The quality of one's mental maturity is built upon by manh hindrances, obstacles, weaknesses, and problems that can be overcome. It's clear that with persistence, bravery, and consistent efforts, success can be gained.

1-Lithiumalkinyle

In einem 100 ml Zweihalskolben mit Argonueberleitung wird das Alkin in Diethylether vorgelegt und unter Eiskuehlung mit molaequivalenten Mengen n-Butyllithium ueber einem Septum versetzt. Man laesst 30 min. nachruehren und entfernt das Loesungsmittel im Vakuum. Danach erhaelt man das lithiierte Alkin als weisses Pulver in quantitativer Ausbeute.

Trimethylphospan

In enem Dreihalskolben mit KPG-Ruehrer, Intensivkuehler und Gasleitungsrohr werden 2.72 mol aufgerauhte Magnesiumspaene in 1.5 l absolutiertem Diethylether vorgelegt. Methylchlorid wird bis zur saettigung eingeleitet und anschliessend 2 ml Methyliodid zugesetz, um die Reaktion zu starten. Zum Grignardreagens werden 0.95 mol Triphenylphosphit geloest in 250 ml Diethylether, zugetropft und das Reaktionsgemisch 2 h unter Rueckfluss erhitzt. Danach wird unter Eisbadkuehlung zuerst mit 200 ml Wasser und dann mit 400 ml konz. Natronlauge hydrolysiert. Dabei freigesetzts Trimethylphosphan wird mit Diethylether in eine Vorlage aus halbkonz. Salzsaeure destilliert. Beide Phasen werden getrennt und die etherische Phase noch dreimals mit jeweils 100 ml halbkonz. Salzsaeure ausgeschuettelt. Durch Einleitungen von Argon in die vereinigten salzsauren Phasen und Erhitzen auf ca. 40 celcius werden noch vorhandene Etherrueckstaende entfernt. Durch Zugabe von konz. Natronlauge wird Trimethylphosphan erneut freigesetzt und auf festes Kaliumhydroxid destilliert. Nach 24 h wird das Produkt in eine Ampulle umkondensiert.

Determination and perseverance

Determination is the source of motivation for progress and success. Without progress we do not growth. Without growth we just spent our time useless and go nowhere. Those who have steel like determination and perseverance can create whatever impossible to be possible. Talent, genius, higher education can not replace determination and perseverance.

Best of motivation: Courage, Faith, Persistence, Determination, Belief

Have courage, faith, persistence, determination and belief to set up your goals that you can succeed. You can become the person you want to be. Even a bar of iron when continually rubbed will turn into a needle. So long we do not give up our dreams, we would make our dreams come true one day. Just do it now! Start now whatever your plan is, unless you would regret one day, what you had never tried, not what you had made and fail.

Create palm candle from palm oil derivate

We can produce candle from palm oil derivate such as stearic acid or palmitic acid. We just put some palmitic acid and some ingredient and heat it until melting alltogether. We could also put some colour and perfume, if we want it. Then we can cast it during it is still liquid and one point we should not forget to take control their temperatur.

Create biodiesel from oleochemicals by-product

How to produce biodiesel from oleochemical byproduct palm fattig acid destillated(PFAD)?

We can make biodiesel from PFAD. First we put PFAD and Methanol in appropriate ammount with some catalyst in a reactor and heat it all together for a while. After it change it's colour to braun colour, we put some sample to testing it's free fattig acid's content. If the free fattig acid content low enough so that it could not damage parts of our machine when we use it, then we can stop the process. For more information about biodiesel you could contact me.